Essay 3 and Module 8 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Germany The Answer To An Old Question Thesis This Paper Will Argue T Essay Example For Students

Germany: The Answer To An Old Question Thesis: This Paper Will Argue T Essay cap Germany needs to make sure about itself as both the financial and political hegemon of Europe within the European Union; until its current condition and viability in the worldwide legislative issues changes, shakiness in the European Union, just as, essential dread of will consistently be available. I. Presentation II. Recorded Perspective-The two negative factors A. Dread twice in one century 1) Bismarck/Frederick II 2) Hitler B. Absurdity 1) WWI 2) WWII III. Reunification The Key A. Financial real factors 1) E. Germanys status 2) Infrastructure B. The noteworthiness of one Germany 1) Future 2) Politics IV. European Union-The way to and end A. European check and parity framework 1) Hope for the future 2) Provisions for progress B. The response to an upsetting inquiry 1) Can Germany be solid and serene? 2) France and England V. Decision The development of a state can be both a delightful and frightening occasion . As a national you presently have a home and spot to live with individuals of a typical culture and legacy, an identity.If you are an organizer of the new state, there would be a feeling of achievement of having accomplished a mind-blowing satisfaction objective. Different states which esteemed this new state as genuine and remembered it as a self-decided equivalent, have made a potential partner or enemy.The drawback, the untimely acknowledgment and the real battle for that status, normally involves struggle, death toll, insurgency and even war. A state was framed and perceived in 1871 in the focal point of Europe. This occasion has had a colossal effect since its commencement. It has been both the salvation of Europe through financial downturns and tough situations, just as, the reason for two universal wars and the close to obliteration of Europe. Its kin have been to and fro among clothes and wealth, popular government and autocracies, joined together, broken and afterward rejoined. This state is known as Germany. Present day Germany has been reunified after right around 50 years of partition during the virus war. By and by German force and impact is on the ascent. The world watches since Germany has not had the option to effectively hold both complete sway over its region and be a financial force to be reckoned with, for a generous timeframe; without diving the world into an unavoidable clash. The subject of Germany and its situation in world legislative issues is one which has tormented legislators since Germanys formation.This paper will contend that the appropriate response exists in the state.Germany needs to make sure about itself as both the financial and political hegemon of Europe under the sponsorship of the European Union.Furthermore, until Germanys current condition and viability in worldwide governmental issues changes, the precariousness in the European Union will proceed, just as, the constant German inquiry. .Twice in history Germany has ascended from turmoil and shortcoming to remain steadfast and aggressive upsetting the current world request. Can there be any inquiry of why the world perspectives Germany dubiously? In 1914, German expansionism and silly strategy prepared toward an unavoidable war. Germany moved from Bismarkian Diplomacy which kept up business as usual in Europe and abroad, to a forceful battle ready colonialism which wanted redistribution of worldwide region. A huge maritime armada was constructed second just to the Royal naval force (Britain) just as a gigantic increment in military equipment production.By 1913 Germany supplanted Britain as the primary assembling European power.This actuality strengthened by the forceful nature appeared in German international strategy clearly was not in light of a legitimate concern for keeping up any kind of the state of affairs. The circumstance was a long way from being illuminated. Despite the fact that Germany was crushed was set at the leniencies of the different triumphant world forces, which were resolved not have the situation of 1914 happen once more. Sadly, a comparative circumstance developed indeed with Germany in the middle. By 1938 Germany had rearmed and was forcefully extending the two its physical and monetary visitors. Adolf Hitler saw the open doors which a feeble Europe equipped with the thoughts of pacification as a hindrance for military hostility introduced to Germany. These two verifiable events advanced a general doubt of a solid joined Germany. The multiple times in history after the finishes of the wars Germany was utilized for its huge creation abilities and normal assets. The first run through was to repay huge war obligation obtained by Britain and France. The second was during the virus war and Germany was part between the two super powers. In this manner, the advancement of the German inquiry or problem.Reunification was conceivable on account of a couple of variables. The biggest was the breakdown of the Soviet Union which is likewise the most self-evident. This is valid because of the way that the involved eastern locale of Germany by the Soviet armed force was surrendered. Rocket Engines Essay is of total significance, regardless of whether it be by Maastricht or another means.As Germany develops in height, the Germans will undoubtedly feel that their job is changing, particularly with the improvements in Eastern Europe and past. These advancements have made a force vacuum through which Germany will normally want to lead in safe-guarding order.It is the idea of legislative issues to state that as German force develops so will German impact, the main serene other option and answer to the German inquiry is the E. U. Just, that is, if the E.U. stays flexible to consistently contain however not impede the development of its individuals, particularly Germany. This carries the contention to pose the inquiry of whether there can be an European Germany or just a German Europe? This inquires as to whether Germany can be effectively and appropriately coordinated with the remainder of Europe. This is a counter-intuitive inquiry which is reckless. Are the Germans an extraordinary type of mankind which make them inalienably exempt from the rules that everyone else follows? Alfred Baring, a German Historian, is alluded to as blaming his kindred resident for a carelessness verging on flighty. Expressing that, Germans have been political lightweights for a long time and like to remain as such. Proceeding with that, Germany has been living in an ideal circumstance in which it has not needed to challenge itself and think about its job in Europe. Germany is as a lot of a piece of Europe as France or Italy. Every country state has a position and a task to carry out in the E.U. . To dispose of Germany as being oppressive and dominant,placing it on the rack will basically not work. Giving Germany an imposing business model on political a monetary arrangement making is additionally silly. This contention isn't tied in with making a fourth German realm. Germany has a job to fill in Europe, dread and suspicion ought not be permitted to direct how it is practiced. A solid, appropriately incorporated European Union is conceivable withGermany. The word solid is a characteristic of which Germany has been all to acquainted with. History is loaded with models, some recently expressed in this paper, of an Europe coordinated through quality. Be that as it may, appropriately is the watchword in Euro-incorporation. Nietzsche, in his work Beyond Good and Evil tends to this issue. He states, I hear with joy that our sun is moving quickly toward the star grouping of Hercules: and I trust that men on earth in this issue imitate the sun. What's more, we at their head , we are acceptable Europeans! This is a similarity talking about the development of governmental issues and force moves in the late 1800s towards Germany, in the point of view of a German savant. He accepted that Germans were one of a kind to the remainder of the crowded of Europe.Unfortunately, this philosophical idea has been changed and utilized for rather wicked measures. Adolf Hitler is the best case of this. Germans are interesting similar to all races in and outside of Europe. Nonetheless, Nietchzsche saw that maybe the German individuals had a quality not of prevalence, as the Uber Mensch; but instead analogically discussing the Germans in Europe all in all. Thatproperly incorporated methods a solid Germany both monetarily and strategically, not taking cover behind checkbook or its constitution.Thus, after more than 120 years Germany has seen mush change and German force is on the ascent once more. This paper has represented the past battles of Germany which has influenced the world. The scope for power by endeavoring to set up a domain under the Kaiser and the aggressive expansionism appeared by Adolf Hitler both finished in struggle carry the world to war and Germany to its knees. The new fight Germany faces is the reunification procedure, Eastern Europe and the European Union. These three elements are vital later on for Germany.As contended in this paper Germany needs to set up itself as a steady and dependable help for Europe under the protection of the European Union. The accomplishment of the European Union and the financial improvement of Eastern Europe are in direct connection and dependant on that occasion. Patrick J. Hearden, Roosevelt Confronts Hitler: Americas Entry into World War II, (Dekalb, I.L. : Northern Illinois University Press, 1987), p. 189. Hans J. Morganthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, sixth ed. reexamined. Kenneth W. Thompson (McGraw Hill, Inc., 1985), p. 67. Michael Ignatieff, Blood And Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, ( New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), p. 57. Friedrich Nietzche, Beyond Good andEvil, trans. R.J. Hollingdale(London: Penguin Books, 1973), p.170. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, Foreign Political Aid: the German political establishments and their US partners, International Affairs67 (January 1991) : p.33-64.

Treating Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia

Treating Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Print Diagnosing Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 21, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 23, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Chelsea Damraksa In This Article Table of Contents Expand Common Catatonic Behaviors Getting a Diagnosis Types of Treatment For Loved Ones View All Although you may have heard the term catatonic schizophrenia, this diagnosis no longer officially exists in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5).?? It was previously one of the subtypes of schizophrenia. Currently, it is used to describe someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia who also meets the diagnostic criteria for catatonia. Catatonia or catatonic behavior is a serious psychiatric condition that has historically been associated with schizophrenia, but it can be present in a variety of psychiatric conditions, including schizoaffective disorder,  bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.?? Catatonic behavior may also result from certain medications and medical conditions. Catatonia is marked by a significant decrease in someones reactivity to their environment. This can involve stupor, mutism, negativism or motor rigidity, and even purposeless excitement. While these symptoms can be scary and extremely debilitating, knowing more about them (and what treatments are available) can help you better manage or help a loved one do so. Common Catatonic Behaviors Someone with this condition might experience rigidity or stupor, be unable to speak, respond, or even moveâ€"and this can last for hours or even days if left untreated. Catatonia can also cause a person to perform strange movements and stay in uncomfortable-looking positions without attempting to shift into more comfortable or natural ones. In addition to a lack of mobility, erratic and extreme movement is possible in catatonic behavior. For example, you might pace in a repeated pattern and make loud exclamations for no reason at all (i.e., these actions are not in response to an environmental stimulus or event).? Parrot-like repetition or echoing of words, known as echolalia, is also a common catatonic behavior. Of course, people with this disorder may also display signs of schizophrenia, including:?? HallucinationsDelusionsCognitive problemsSocial withdrawalDisorganizationPoor self-careSocial difficultiesDecreased inability to express emotions How Schizophrenia Is Diagnosed by Observing Symptoms Getting a Diagnosis There are no labs or tests to diagnose catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia. Instead, your doctor will perform a series of medical exams and psychological evaluations to assess your physical and mental health, as well as rule out other conditions. Depending on the results, your doctor might give you a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or an electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for any lesions or unusual brain wave patterns.?? A test may also be given to check for the presence of drugs and alcohol. During the psychiatric evaluation, you will be asked questions about your thoughts and behaviors. A psychiatrist will attempt to discover how long you have been experiencing the symptoms in question. If a patient is in a catatonic stupor and unable to talk, his or her family may be called in to provide information about the catatonic behavior. Misdiagnosis Unfortunately, because catatonia is characterized by motor symptoms, it is sometimes mistaken for another disorder. Catatonic symptoms like facial contortions, strange limb movements, or unusual body positions can lead to a misdiagnosis of tardive dyskinesia or other movement disorders. Similarly, Tourettes syndrome may be confused for catatonia due to some of the vocalizations that can be part of the syndrome. Types of Treatment Schizophrenia is a lifelong, chronic condition, which means youll need to take steps to stay ahead of and manage your catatonic behaviors and your schizophrenia. While theres no cure, there are treatment methods that can help you to better manage your symptoms. Find Help With the Best Online Therapy Programs Medication Benzodiazepines like Lorazepam (Ativan) are perhaps the most common approach to treatment.?? These drugs act as depressants on the central nervous system, which is why they are often used to treat anxiety. Because these drugs are fast-acting, they can often relieve catatonic symptoms quite quickly. However, they can be habit-forming when used as a long-term treatment. There is some debate around the use of antipsychotics in catatonia. In some cases, antipsychotics can worsen catatonia and are often discontinued in its acute management. However, they are generally reintroduced to treat and prevent the symptoms of schizophrenia. How Schizophrenia Is Treated Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) ECT, formerly known as electroshock therapy, is increasingly used to effectively treat catatonia in schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. Living With Schizophrenia For Loved Ones Witnessing someone you care about experience catatonic behavior with schizophrenia is certainly scary. Perhaps the best thing you can do is to stay educatedâ€"about diagnosis, symptoms, and effective treatmentâ€"so you can get help right away if you notice any signs of catatonia like rigidity or stupor or erratic and extreme movements. Depending on the severity and type of symptoms, you may need to step in to describe the catatonic behaviors to your loved ones doctor. Doing your best to encourage your loved one to work with his or her mental health professional and stick with the treatment plan will help ensure that schizophrenia is being well managed and controlled. And dont forget self-care, which is essential for sustaining the mental energy required to support someone with a mental illness. Try to get ample sleep, eat right, exercise, and make time for relaxation and fun in your life. A Word From Verywell Getting a proper diagnosis and complying with treatment is key to coping with catatonic behavior. While schizophrenia is a lifelong disease, catatonia can be controlled. With appropriate treatment, people suffering from catatonic symptoms as part of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions can find significant relief from their symptoms.

Liberace Biography and Profile

Wladziu Valentino Liberace ( May 16, 1919 - February 4, 1987 ) was a child piano prodigy who became a star of live concerts, television, and recordings. At the height of his success, he was considered one of the worlds highest-paid entertainers. His flamboyant lifestyle and stage appearances earned him the nickname Mr. Showmanship. Early Life Liberace was born in the Milwaukee suburb of West Allis, Wisconsin. His father was an Italian immigrant, and his mother was of Polish descent. Liberace began playing the piano at age 4, and his prodigious talent was discovered at an early age. At age 8, Liberace met the legendary Polish pianist Ignacy Paderewski backstage at a Pabst Theater concert in Milwaukee. As a teenager in the Great Depression, Liberace earned money performing in cabarets and strip clubs despite disapproval from his parents. At age 20, he performed Liszts Second Piano Concerto with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at the Pabst Theater and subsequently toured the Midwest as a piano player. Personal Life Liberace often hid his private life as a gay man by allowing public stories about romantic involvement with women to gain traction. In 2011, actress Betty White, a close friend, stated that Liberace was gay and she was often used by his managers to counter homosexual rumors. In the late 1950s, he sued the U.K. newspaper Daily Mirror for libel after it published statements implying that he was gay. He won the case in 1959 and received more than $20,000 in damages. In 1982, Liberaces 22-year-old former chauffeur and live-in lover of five years Scott Thorson sued him for $113 million in palimony after he was fired. Liberace continued to insist that he wasnt gay, and the case was settled out of court in 1986 with Thorson receiving $75,000, three cars, and three pet dogs. Scott Thorson later said that he agreed to settle because he knew that Liberace was dying. His book Behind the Candelabra about their relationship was adapted as an award-winning HBO film in 2013. Music Career In the 1940s, Liberace reworked his live performances from straight classical music to shows that included pop music. it would become a signature element of his concerts. In 1944 he made his first appearance in Las Vegas. Liberace added the iconic candelabra to his act after seeing it used as a prop in the 1945  film A Song To Remember about Frederic Chopin.   Liberace was his own personal publicity machine performing from private parties to sold-out concerts. By 1954, he earned a record-breaking $138,000 (more than $1,000,000 today) for a concert at New Yorks Madison Square Garden. Critics panned his piano playing, but his sense of showmanship endeared Liberace to his audiences.   In the 1960s, Liberace returned to Las Vegas and referred to himself as, a one-man Disneyland. His live Las Vegas shows in the 1970s and 1980s often earned more than $300,000 a week. His final stage performance took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York on November 2, 1986. Although he recorded almost 70 albums, Liberaces record sales were relatively small compared to his celebrity. Six of his albums were certified gold for sales. TV and Films Liberaces first network television program, the 15-minute Liberace Show, debuted in July 1952. It didnt lead to a regular series, but a syndicated film of his local live show gave him widespread national exposure. Liberace made guest appearances on a wide variety of other shows in the 1950s and 1960s including The Ed Sullivan Show. A new Liberace Show started on ABC daytime in 1958, but it was canceled after only six months. Liberace eagerly embraced pop culture making guest appearances both on the Monkees and Batman in the late 1960s. In 1978, Liberace appeared on the Muppet Show, and, in 1985, he appeared on Saturday Night Live.   From early in his career, Liberace was interested in earning success as an actor in addition to his musical talents. His first film appearance occurred in the 1950 movie South Sea Sinner. Warner Bros. gave him his first starring role in 1955 in the film Sincerely Yours. Despite a big-budget advertising campaign, the movie was a critical and commercial failure. He never again appeared in a lead role in a film. Death Outside of the public eye, Liberace was tested positive for HIV by his personal physician in August 1985. More than a year before Liberaces death, his lover of seven years, Cary James Wyman, was also tested positive. He later died in 1997. Another lover named Chris Adler later came forward after Liberace died and claimed that he received the HIV virus from sex with Liberace. He died in 1990. Liberace kept his own illness a secret until the day he died. He did not seek any medical treatment. One of Liberaces last public interviews took place on TVs Good Morning America in August 1986. During the interview, he hinted that he might be sick. Liberace died of complications of AIDS on February 4, 1987, at his home in Palm Springs, California. At first, several causes of death were publicized, but the Riverside County coroner performed an autopsy and declared that those close to Liberace conspired to hide the real cause of death. The coroner stated it was pneumonia as a complication of AIDS. Liberace was buried at Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. Legacy Liberace achieved his fame in a fashion unique to his own personal style. His presentation of shows as a piano-playing entertainer borrowed from classical music traditions, flamboyant circus-style shows, and the intimacy of piano bars. Liberace maintained an unparalleled connection to his core audience. Liberace is also recognized as an icon among gay entertainers. Although he fought against being labeled as homosexual during his lifetime, his sexual orientation was widely discussed and recognized. Pop music legend Elton John has stated that Liberace was the first gay person he remembered seeing on television, and he considered Liberace to be a personal hero. Liberace also played a key role in the development of Las Vegas as an entertainment mecca. He opened the Liberace Museum in Las Vegas in 1979. It became a key tourist attraction along with his own live shows. The proceeds from the museum benefited the Liberace Foundation of Performing and Creative Arts. After 31 years, the museum closed in 2010 due to declining admissions.

Essay Israel and Palestine - 740 Words

The Issue Of Israel and Palestinenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1993, in Oslo, Norway a historic peace agreement was secretly drawn up with the hopes of bringing all the violence between the Palestinians and the Israelis to an end. Yasser Arafat, the chairman of the PLO, and Yitzhak Rabin who was prime minister of Israel at the time shook hands at the White House in front of President Bill Clinton to finalize the accords. This was the first step towards peace in a long time between the warring nations, and one that many people believed was going to bring an end to the fighting. These accords were significant because it was the first time that Israel ever recognized the Palestinian Liberation Organization†¦show more content†¦He believes that he is right, and no one is going to change his opinion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ariel Sharon is a big bully. I do not justify Palestinian attacks on Israeli civilians, and I do believe that Yasser Arafat supported terror strikes, but Sharon knows that he has the upper hand in the whole situation. America is going to stand behind Israel, so Sharon makes all these crazy demands from the Palestinians. He will give them some of their land, but Israel will control the air space in the new Palestinian territory. Of course Palestine is not going to agree to that, demands like that are absurd, but Sharon has the world on his side because when he blows up a house full of Palestinians, it is referred to as a military action, but when Palestinians attack Israel it is looked at as terrorism.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;President Bush and his cabinet of maniacs has created this entire scare of terror attacks, and Ariel Sharon was the first person to jump on that bandwagon. This was exactly what he needed to justify Israel beating up on Palestine and taki ng control of Palestinian land. The United States spawned all of the enemies that we are fighting with today by giving them aid. They gave aid to the Taliban to fight the Soviets during the cold war, they gave millions of dollars and arms and supplies to Saddam Hussein to help Iraq win the war versus Iran. Almost every hijacker from the 9/11Show MoreRelatedIsrael-Palestine3340 Words   |  14 PagesIsrael-Palestine Introduction In the absence of peace, there is conflict. This might lead to war between countries if conflict is not handled carefully. Today it is almost a norm to see countries engaging others in war. Today the greatest problem facing many nations is international relation. Countries have failed to live like decent neighbors. There is disunity among many nations. War between nations is caused by mistrust and tension. Nations purchase arms to stock their armory. Major inventionsRead MoreIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1303 Words   |  6 Pagesborders between Palestine and Israel have been unfair. The Israeli people have taken a majority of the Palestinians land. This had caused conflict between these two territories for years. The Israel and Palestine conflict has been going on for many decades and nothing seems to be able to solve this issue. All because the Israeli government is very stubborn. They are not willing to make a compromise in this situation. The main iss ues between the Palestinians and the Israelites are; Israel has been unfairRead MoreViolence in Palestine and Israel676 Words   |  3 PagesSince 1920 about 115,000 people have been killed as a directed effect of the violence in Palestine and Israel. The One State Solution would only work if both sides committed to a democracy, separation of state and religion and an end to violence because without this the states would have the same problems and not have peace. Right now democracy in Palestine is at a stand still. With elections that have not happened since 2006 the system is not working at its full potential. The leader of theRead More Israel and Palestine Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesIsrael and Palestine The Arab-Israel conflict is a story which has taken place over a century. In order to understand the conflict between these two cultures their collective histories must be taken into consideration. It was a long and hard path for the Jewish population to get a piece of land they can call their own. A land free of religious persecution. I think that history has shown that these two states can not and will not be able to sustain peace over any period of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TheRead MoreThe Partition Of Israel And Palestine966 Words   |  4 PagesSince the UN partition of Israel and Palestine in 1947, Israel has been placed in many instances of conflict between the Jewish migrants to the region and the Palestinian natives. Several conflicts resulted in open, declared war, such as the First Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949, and the Yom Kippur War of 1973. In addition, Israel has been involved in the occupation of the West Bank and the blockade of the Gaza Strip. After the last open war, Israel’s occupation of the West Bank has been marked byRead More Palestine and Israel Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesPalestine and Israel On the day of January 18th, 2004 Israeli forces rushed through the Gaza strip and attempted a dangerous raid. The effects of the raid left eight Palestinians civilians dead in cold blood. Within twenty-four hours a young Palestinian police officer by the name of Ali Jaara climbed onto a Jerusalem bus and detonated a bomb, killing him and ten Israeli passengers. This is a very sad but common example of the never ending war that takes place not only on the battlefield but nowRead MoreThe Land Of Israel And Palestine1478 Words   |  6 Pagesadorn graves. This artifact was found in the land of Israel/Palestine. This paper will examine how this object was produced, what kind of style was used in its production and what it meant to individuals at the time. On a larger level, trading objects like this one during the Persian Period represent the strength of local tastes and cultures over nationalistic tensions between Greece and Persia. â€Æ' 2. Introduction The land of Israel/Palestine sits in an important geographic region in the middle-eastRead MoreThe Israel-Palestine Conflict3449 Words   |  14 Pages30-40% remained opposed for religious, nationalist or security reasons. Palestinians supported ongoing attacks against Israel not to overthrow the government or take over the country and drive out the Jews, or because of irrational hatred of Jews and Israel, but only because of the continuing military occupation and expansion of settlements. Camp David didnt fail because of Israel but because according to the most pro-Arab primary account (Agha Malley) Arafat walked out after having said no toRead More Palestine and Israel Essay2458 Words   |  10 PagesPalestine and Israel Our views of world conflicts such as war are influenced by the part of the world in which we live. When exploring media coverage of discord, it is important to think about where the author is from and how it has influenced the way he/she has portrayed disharmony. Reports on a world conflict can express extremely different views depending on the social values and understandings of the writers. One must read articles that address the issue of war with cultural relativismRead MoreThe Historical Area Of Israel And Palestine1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of the geographical area substituting Israel and Palestine is one of war and bloodshed. For nearly three millennia people have been fighting over the ‘Holy Land’ in wars that were religious in their essence. An understanding of the historic background of the area is important to comprehend the present-day reasons for the complexity of the task of conflict resolution. The simplified timeline provided below is an at tempt to summarise the most important events. Since the Israelites’ conquest

Descartes And God Essay Example For Students

Descartes And God Essay Jared RhineEnglish 201October 10, 1997Descartes sets about proving the existence of God through his meditations on knowledge in an effort to prove the skeptics of his time wrong. He first determines that human knowledge is based entirely too much on unproved presuppositions. He argues that this makes it difficult to distinguish between truth and error, since we cannot recognize true knowledge. Descartes proposes that the quest for knowledge must be based upon universal doubt. Specifically, he proposes the following in relation to his universal methodic doubt: 1. In order to seek truth, it is necessary once in the course of our life, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things. 2. We ought also to consider as false all that is doubtful. 3. We ought not meanwhile to make use of doubt in the conduct of life? 4. Why we may doubt of sensible things. 5. Why we may also doubt of mathematical demonstrations. 6. We cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt, and this is the first knowledge we acquire when we philosophize in order. Descartes proceeded to strip away his knowledge base in order to determine the one indubitable fact, Cogito, ergo sum. From this absolute knowledge of his own existence, he set about deducing the existence of God through ontological argument. In our minds, the idea of God is one of an infinitely perfect Being. An infinitely perfect being must have existence, otherwise it would not be infinitely perfect. Therefore, God exists. In proving the existence of God, Descartes set the groundwork for determining that God created man. He further postulated that God, being infinitely perfect and not a deceiver, could not have provided man with the deceptive powers of knowledge. Therefore, mans mental faculties are determined to be trustworthy provided we separate what there is of clear and distinct in the knowledge from what is obscure and confused. Using this reasoning, man must discard all previous knowledge, which is doubt-ridden, all sensory-based knowledge (as perceptions can be misleading) , and all intellection. As a result, skepticism is removed and valid knowledge possible. Descartes primary purpose was the defense of human knowledge against the attacks of the skeptics. He was justified in excluding preconceived notions, presuppositions, and traditions in determining the limits of knowledge. Descartes discarded the ability of the mind to know truth and the human abilities of contradiction and sufficient reason. In doing so, he made a solution to the problem impossible. As it relates to his theory of the existence of God, Descartes universal doubt refutes his own conclusion as to Gods existence. Descartes formed an idea of God as an infinitely good being. He would have had to discover this idea within his own mind. According to his principle of universal doubt, he cannot simply know whether his conception of God is correct or incorrect. He would have, as a matter of his own principle, considered it as false until proven otherwise. Therefore, since the idea of God is in doubt, the trustworthiness of mans reasoning must also be doubtful and Descartes cannot escape his own real doubt. Descartes uses a process of reasoning, a mathematical formulae, in attempting to demonstrate Gods existence. If his reasoning is of demonstrably doubtful validity, how can Descartes demonstrate Gods existence? The validity of Descartes reasoning is supposed to flow as a consequence of the infinite perfection of God; and Gods infinite perfect is made certain through Descartes reasoning powers before he has even proven that these reasoning powers are valid and trustworthy. Descartes assumes the very thing beforehand, which he intends to prove afterwards. Descartes accepts the trustworthiness of his faculties in demonstrating the existence and infinite perfection of God, and that is illegitimate. A doubtfully valid faculty will produce a doubtfully valid argument, which will, in turn, produce a doubtfully valid conclusion. The entire a rgument for Gods existence is therefore nullified by a suspect reasoning process. Since he proves the reliability of his reason and process by means of Gods veracity, the proof of his reliability cannot be established beyond doubt. Thus, Descartes attempt to vindicate the validity of human knowledge failed, because, by rejecting the reliability of his own powers to discover and know truth, he made it impossible for himself to remove himself from his own universal doubt. Further, Descartes has marked inconsistencies in the manner in which he applies his procedure. He purports to reject everything in his pursuit of fundamental knowledge, even principles of contradiction and sufficient reason. In reality, he does not. He assumes the truth of these principles and uses them repeatedly. Cogito ergo sum is based upon the validity of the principle of contradiction. This principle states that it is impossible for something to be and not be at the same time. Descartes becomes aware of his own existence by thinking or doubting. Why? Because he perceives that it is impossible to think and not think and to exist and not exist at the same time. If he were consistent and seriously doubted the principle of contradiction, he would have to agree that it is possible for an entity to think and not think, to exist and not exist at the same time. Then, according to his own supposition, he could not be sure after all that the fact of his existence is certain. Only by granting the validity and truth of the principle of contradiction beforehand, can his existence be established as an objective fact. That is exactly what he does. The same line of reasoning applies to his proof of Gods existence and infinite perfection. Descartes rejection of the principle of contradiction invalidates his arguments because, as long as this principle is not established and accepted, he could never be sure whether it would be possible for God to exist and not exist at the same time. Similarly, Descartes w ould have to remain doubtful as to whether God could be veracious and not veracious, deceiving and not deceiving unless the principle of contradiction was taken for granted before Descartes begins to prove Gods existence. Descartes does not accept this principle of contradiction throughout his reasoning. This is a glaring inconsistency in his arguments. Descartes further conducts his inquiry into the existence of God with the supposition that he doubts the principles of sufficiency and causality. Unfortunately, he uses these principles before he has proven their validity. Descartes believes that God is an infinitely perfect being that could not have originated in our minds because an idea such as this would exceed the causality of the mind, as the mind is less perfect than the content of the idea itself. Consequently, the idea had to be produced by God himself otherwise there would be no sufficient reason for the presence of such an idea in the mind. Clearly, Descartes uses the prin ciples of sufficient reason and causality in demonstrating the existence of God, even though he doubts their validity. Therefore, if he lets these principles stand as doubtful, his entire argument is nullified by doubt. If he accepts them as valid prior to establishing their validity, he is acting in contrary to his fundamental doubt doctrine. In either case, he makes the existence of God impossible. Descartes could not prove Gods existence consistently as he could only do so through the use of a reasoning process, which, according to his own principles, was essentially doubtful in its validity. The only thing he could ever be certain of was his own existence. This too, strictly speaking, he should have doubted, because he had doubted the principle of contradiction and the testimony of his own consciousness. If Descartes had been consistent, he would have aligned with the skeptics because his universal doubt left him no other choice. Universal doubt, therefore, is a flawed course in pursuing an understanding of human knowledge and the existence of God. God cannot exist using Descartes arguments. Complete doubt cannot lead to an understanding of human knowledge.

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